Stardust (spacecraft) - Wikipedia. Stardust. Artist's impression of Stardust at comet Wild 2. Mission type. Sample return flyby (8. P/Wild)Operator. NASA ·JPLCOSPAR ID1. ASATCAT no. 2. 56. Websitestardust. jpl. Цена за пару Ширина кольца: 5 мм Материал: платина 950/000 пробы Женский размер 17.0 Мужской. Mission duration. Spacecraft properties. Manufacturer. Lockheed Martin ·University of Washington. 生日那天晚上,与远到而来的何老师逛完旺角,一时兴起到郎豪坊的UA影院看了Stardust,香港翻译成《魔幻星尘》。. Палетка включает в себя 5 оттенков теней, отлично сочетающихся между собой, и удобную. To win his true love's heart, wide-eyed Tristan Thorn journeys to a forbidden realm to retrieve a fallen star that has taken human form. Watch trailers & learn more. · Stardust: A Mission With Many Scientific Surprises The primary goal of the Stardust mission was to collect samples of a comet and return them to Earth for. Stardust Wwe![]() Launch mass. 30. 0 kg (6. Power. 33. 0 W (Solar array / Ni. H2 batteries)Start of mission. Launch date. February 7, 1. UTC(1. 8 years and 4 months ago)Rocket. Delta II 7. 42. 6Launch site. Cape Canaveral. SLC- 1. Contractor. Lockheed Martin Space Systems. End of mission. Landing date. January 1. 5, 2. 00. UTC(1. 1 years, 4 months and 2. Landing site. Utah Test and Training Range. N1. 13°3. 1. 2. 5′W / 4. N 1. 13. 5. 20. 83°W / 4. Flyby of 5. 53. 5 Annefrank. Closest approach. November 2, 2. 00. UTC(1. 4 years, 7 months and 5 days ago)Distance. Flyby of Wild 2. Closest approach. January 2, 2. 00. UTC(1. 3 years, 5 months and 5 days ago)Distance. Official insignia of the Stardust mission. Stardust was a 3. NASA on February 7, 1. Its primary mission was to collect dust samples from the coma of comet. Stardust CasinoWild 2, as well as samples of cosmic dust, and return these to Earth for analysis. It was the first sample return mission of its kind. En route to comet Wild 2, the craft also flew by and studied the asteroid. Annefrank. The primary mission was successfully completed on January 1. Earth.[1]A mission extension codenamed NEx. T culminated in February 2. Stardust intercepting comet Tempel 1, a small Solar System body previously visited by Deep Impact in 2. Stardust ceased operations in March 2. On August 1. 4, 2. Stardust capsule returned to Earth in 2. Mission background[edit]History[edit]Beginning in the 1. During the early 1. Halley became the first successful missions to return close- up data. However, the US cometary mission, Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby, was canceled for budgetary reasons. In the mid- 1. 99. Discovery- class mission that would study comet Wild 2 in 2. Stardust was competitively selected in the fall of 1. NASA Discovery Program mission of low- cost with highly focused science goals.[6]: 5 Construction of Stardust began in 1. However, the risk of interplanetary contamination by alien life was judged low,[7] as particle impacts at over 1. Comet Wild 2 was selected as the primary target of the mission for the rare chance to observe a long- period comet that has ventured close to the Sun. The comet has since become a short period comet after an event in 1. Wild 2 was affected by the gravitational pull of Jupiter, moving the orbit inward, closer to the Sun. In planning the mission, it was expected that most of the original material from which the comet formed would still be preserved.[6]: 5. The primary science objectives of the mission included: [8]Providing a flyby of a comet of interest (Wild 2) at a sufficiently low velocity (less than 6. Facilitating the intercept of significant numbers of interstellar dust particles using the same collection medium, also at as low a velocity as possible. Returning as many high resolution images of the comet coma and nucleus as possible, subject to the cost constraints of the mission. The spacecraft was designed, built and operated by Lockheed Martin Astronautics as a Discovery- class mission in Denver, Colorado. JPL provided mission management for the NASA division for mission operations. The principal investigator of the mission was Dr. Donald Brownlee from the University of Washington.[6]: 5. Spacecraft design[edit]The spacecraft bus measured 1. ![]() ![]() Space. Probe deep space bus developed by Lockheed Martin Astronautics. The bus was primarily constructed with graphite fiber panels with an aluminum honeycomb support structure underneath; the entire spacecraft was covered with polycyanate, Kapton sheeting for further protection. To maintain low costs, the spacecraft incorporated many designs and technologies used in past missions or previously developed for future missions by the Small Spacecraft Technologies Initiative (SSTI). The spacecraft featured five scientific instruments to collect data, including the Stardust Sample Collection tray, which was brought back to Earth for analysis.[9]Attitude control and propulsion[edit]The spacecraft was three- axis stabilized with eight 4. Nhydrazinemonopropellantthrusters, and eight 1- N thrusters to maintain attitude control (orientation); necessary minor propulsion maneuvers were performed by these thrusters as well. The spacecraft was launched with 8. Information for spacecraft positioning was provided by a star camera using FSW to determine attitude (stellar compass), an inertial measurement unit, and two sun sensors.[6]: 3. Communications[edit]For communicating with the Deep Space Network, the spacecraft transmitted data across the x- band using a 0. MGA) and low- gain antennas (LGA) depending on mission phase, and a 1. Cassini spacecraft.[6]: 3. The probe was powered by two solar arrays, providing an average of 3. The arrays also included Whipple shields to protect the delicate surfaces from the potentially damaging cometary dust while the spacecraft was in the coma of Wild 2. The solar array design was derived primarily from the Small Spacecraft Technology Initiative (SSTI) spacecraft development guidelines. The arrays provided a unique method of switching strings from series to parallel depending on the distance from the Sun. A single nickel hydrogen (Ni. H2) battery was also included to provide the spacecraft with power when the solar arrays received too little sunlight.[6]: 3. Computer[edit]The computer on the spacecraft operated using a radiation hardened. RAD6. 00. 0 3. 2- bit processor card. For storing data when the spacecraft was unable to communicate with Earth, the processor card was able to store 1. The system software is a form of Vx. Works, an embedded operating system developed by Wind River Systems.[6]: 3. Scientific instruments[edit]Navigation Camera (NC)The camera is intended for targeting comet Wild 2 during the flyby of the nucleus. It captures black and white images through a filter wheel making it possible to assemble color images and detect certain gas and dust emissions in the coma. It also captures images at various phase angles, making it possible to create a three- dimensional model of a target to better understand the origin, morphology, and mineralogical inhomogeneities on the surface of the nucleus. The camera utilizes the optical assembly from the Voyager Wide Angle Camera. It is additionally fitted with a scanning mirror to vary the viewing angle and avoid potentially damaging particles. For environmental testing and verification of the NAVCAM the only remaining Voyager spare camera assembly was used as a collimator for testing of the primary imaging optics. A target at the focal point of the spare was imaged through the optical path of the NAVCAM for verification.[1. Objectives [1. 0]Determine the position of Comet P/Wild 2 during the approach and encounter. Obtain high resolution images of the nucleus. Cometary and Interstellar Dust Analyzer (CIDA)The dust analyzer is a mass spectrometer able to provide real- time detection and analysis of certain compounds and elements. Particles enter the instrument after colliding with a silverimpact plate and traveling down a tube to the detector. The detector is then able to detect the mass of separate ions by measuring the time taken for each ion to enter and travel through the instrument. Identical instruments were also included on Giotto and Vega 1 and 2.[1. Dust Flux Monitor Instrument (DFMI)Located on the Whipple shield at the front of the spacecraft, the sensor unit provides data regarding the flux and size distribution of particles in the environment around Wild 2. It records data by generating electric pulses as a special polarized plastic (PVDF) sensor is struck by high energy particles as small as a few micrometers.[1. Objectives [1. 4]Record quantitative measurements of the particle impact rate and particle mass distribution throughout the flyby of comet Wild 2. Establish the physical processes of dust emission from the nucleus, their propagation to form a coma, and the behavior of dust jets. Provide measurements of the dust flux at least once per second, and up to 1. Provide important information on the dust environment relevant to engineering concerns for spacecraft health and interpretation of anomalies. Stardust Sample Collection (SSC)The particle collector uses aerogel, a low- density, inert, microporous, silica- based substance, to capture dust grains as the spacecraft passes through the coma of Wild 2. After sample collection was complete, the collector receded into the Sample Return Capsule for entering the Earth's atmosphere. The capsule with encased samples would be retrieved from Earth's surface and studied.[1. Objectives [1. 6]Determine the elemental, chemical, and mineralogical composition of Wild 2 at the submicron scale. Determine which compounds dominate the organic fraction of Wild 2. Establish the building materials of Wild 2 found in interplanetary dust particles (IDP) and meteorites. Determine the extent of the building materials of Wild 2 found in interplanetary dust particles (IDP) and meteorites. Establish if IDPs are consistent with Wild 2 samples. Determine if pyroxenerich chondritic aggregate IDPs are cometary. Establish if amino acids, quinones, amphiphiles, or other molecules of exobiological interest are present. Determine the state of H2. O in Wild 2. Determine if there was mixing of inner nebula materials (i. Characterize isotopic anomalies present which could provide signatures of the place of origin of interstellar grains. Determine the high deuterium- to- hydrogen ratios seen in some IDPs common in Wild 2 solids.
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